Translation(s): Campañas de Publicidad para la Prevención del Delito (Español)
Disorderly youth†in public places constitute one of the most common problems most police agencies must handle. Dealing with youth disorder requires a significant amount of police time, particularly in suburban and rural communities. Disorderly youth are a common source of complaints from urban residents and merchants, as well as from shoppers and merchants in malls and business districts Dealing with youth disorder appropriately requires considerable police skill and sensitivity. Officers must balance youths’ rights against complainants’ rights, distinguish legitimate from illegitimate complaints, at times be firm and at times be flexible with young people, and remain sensitive to how the public will perceive police actions.
† For the purposes of this guide, the terms youth, young people and teenagers are used interchangeably, with the understanding that some individuals discussed may not fall within the age ranges typically associated with these terms.
Disorderly youth in public places are only one of many disorder and youth-related problems police must handle. This guide addresses the relatively minor, but often highly annoying, misconduct associated with youth congregating in public. This guide does not address the more serious misconduct associated with youth gang violence and intimidation. Additional disorder and youth-related problems include:
Factors Contributing to Disorderly Youth in Public Places
Understanding the factors that contribute to your problem will help you frame your own local analysis questions, determine good effectiveness measures, recognize key intervention points, and select appropriate responses.
That young people will congregate in public is both inevitable and socially necessary. Congregating is part of the rite of passage from childhood to adulthood, allowing youth to socialize and bond with their peers, out of their parents’ view. Young people’s self-identity and self-worth are profoundly shaped by how they believe their peers perceive them, and gathering in public provides opportunities to see, and be seen by, others. Group settings provide a relatively safe context for teenagers to flirt and pair up with one another, supported and protected by their friends.
Because youth congregation in public is so ordinary and normal, you must first determine if youths’ conduct is actually disorderly and worthy of police attention. You must use sound judgment in deciding how to define the problem. Sometimes you will find that the heart of the problem is complaints that are either exaggerated or motivated by bias, in which case your responses should focus on educating complainants rather than controlling youths’ conduct. Whether the conduct is deemed disorderly depends on many factors, including:
Communities are often divided over what constitutes acceptable youth conduct. This is especially true in areas undergoing substantial demographic change—for example, an influx of youth where older residents predominated, or an influx of a new ethnic or racial group. Some misconduct, even if accepted by the community, might not be tolerable from a legal standpoint. Conversely, some youth conduct may bother some community members, but may be perfectly legal, perhaps even constitutionally protected. You must balance youths’ right to congregate in public against others’ right to be free from annoyance, harassment and intimidation. Furthermore, the legal grounds for disrupting youth gatherings in public are typically vague. It is easy to get frustrated by demands to control disorderly youth where no clear legal authority to do so exists.
Young people often do not fully appreciate their conduct’s effect on others. What they believe to be normal and legitimate behavior can sometimes make others apprehensive or afraid. Sometimes the mere presence of large youth groups, or their physical appearance (dress, hairstyles, body piercings, and tattoos), is intimidating regardless of their conduct. People often perceive youth groups congregating in public to be gangs and, therefore, dangerous. The elderly are particularly intimidated by large youth groups. In addition, group size may influence individual behavior—teenagers often behave in front of a group of peers in ways they would not if they were alone or in pairs.
Among the specific behaviors (some legal and some not) commonly associated with youth disorderly conduct are
Such problem behavior most commonly occurs
Disorderly youth are of particular concern to merchants because their presence intimidates shoppers, threatening revenues. Shoppers also frequently cite menacing youth as among their primary safety concerns.2However, young people themselves are a source of current and future revenue and, if treated poorly by merchants, will likely remember that treatment years later when choosing where to spend their money. Merchants are more likely to tolerate some disorderly behavior if the young people are also regular customers. You should be alert to these commercial interests.
Youth surveys have identified some common complaints teenagers have about their opportunities to socialize in public, and about how authorities treat them.3Their complaints include the following:
Young people typically say they want a place where they can hang out without excessive supervision, where they have some source of food and entertainment, where they have protection from the weather, and where they are safe from attack by rival groups.
The information provided above is only a generalized description of disorderly youth in public places. You must combine the basic facts with a more specific understanding of your local problem. Analyzing the local problem carefully will help you design a more effective response strategy. To help you define the problem, you should speak with as many people affected by it as you can.
Many incidents related to disorderly youth are not recorded in detail either by police or by private security. Most incidents are considered too minor to justify detailed reports. Unfortunately, it is from those details that the most effective responses will emerge. Consequently, you should first determine to what extent incidents are being recorded, and if they are not, create a reporting system that provides enough detail, at least temporarily, to give you a better understanding of the problem.†
† Even a simple form that allows officers to check boxes rather than write extensive narratives is preferable to reporting systems that capture no detail at all.
The following are some critical questions you should ask in analyzing your particular problem of disorderly youth, even if the answers are not always readily available. Your answers to these and other questions will help you choose the most appropriate set of responses later on.††
†† A special note of caution is in order regarding official juvenile records: You should be sure to review applicable legal and policy guidelines or consult legal counsel before examining or sharing information drawn from official juvenile records. In most jurisdictions, access to and use of juvenile records are restricted.
Measurement allows you to determine to what degree your efforts have succeeded, and suggests how you might modify your responses if they are not producing the intended results. You should take measures of your problem before you implement responses, to determine how serious the problem is, and after you implement them, to determine whether they have been effective. You should take all measures in both the target area and the surrounding area. (For more detailed guidance on measuring effectiveness, see the companion guide to this series, Assessing Responses to Problems: An Introductory Guide for Police Problem-Solvers.)
The following are potentially useful measures of the effectiveness of responses to disorderly youth in public places:
Your analysis of your local problem should give you a better understanding of the factors contributing to it. Once you have analyzed your local problem and established a baseline for measuring effectiveness, you should consider possible responses to address the problem.
The following response strategies provide a foundation of ideas for addressing your particular problem. These strategies are drawn from a variety of research studies and police reports. Several of these strategies may apply to your community’s problem. It is critical that you tailor responses to local circumstances, and that you can justify each response based on reliable analysis. In most cases, an effective strategy will involve implementing several different responses. Law enforcement responses alone are seldom effective in reducing or solving the problem. Do not limit yourself to considering what police can do: give careful consideration to who else in your community shares responsibility for the problem and can help police better respond to it. Give special consideration to involving youth themselves in seeking solutions to the problems caused by their gathering in public.†
† See Kenney and Watson (1998) for a description of an effort to get high school students to apply problem-solving skills to address school safety issues.
There are three general approaches to addressing problems of disorderly youth in public places:
Whenever possible, the developmental and accommodation approaches are recommended because they are more likely to be effective, and they reduce mistrust and hostility between youth and authority figures, including police.7 The general public and the media tend to react negatively to what they perceive as heavy-handed police responses against youth. Parents commonly complain when police resort to arrest as a means of solving youth disorder problems. Some young people may even find the extra efforts of police and others to control their conduct exciting—a game of cat and mouse— making disorderly behavior even more appealing to them.8
The following are specific responses that police and others have applied to youth disorder in public. These responses variously incorporate pure control, developmental and accommodation approaches. They are organized into three categories: (1) creating alternative legitimate places and activities for youth, (2) modifying public places to discourage disorderly behavior, and (3) establishing and enforcing rules of conduct for youth.
† Police athletic leagues, first started in New York City in 1914, are now an institutionalized means by which the police help provide alternative positive activities for youth. Part of their stated mission is to prevent juvenile delinquency.
† The local law also regulates operation hours, occupancy limits, age restrictions, lighting, restroom access, and conduct rules in video arcades. The Delta Police Department’s study of the problem and local law has served as a model across Canada (Sheard 1998).[Full Text]
If youth rely on cars to get to the location, or if cars are the attraction (part of a street cruising problem), consider altering parking regulations to limit youths’ ability to gather a lot of cars in one place.27† For a review of research on the effects of CCTV and street lighting on crime prevention, see Painter and Tilley (1999).[Full Text]
Police Officer Kevin O’Connor of New York City’s Midtown North precinct faced an ongoing problem with disorderly youth for most of the 1991-92 school year. Each day at dismissal, students from both Park West High School on W. 50th Street and Graphic Arts High School on W. 49th Street would flood the blocks in the immediate neighborhood. Large and noisy groups would hang out in the area, and fights would all too often erupt.
O’Connor realized that the schools’ procedures contributed to the disorderly youth gatherings—the schools were dismissing their students at almost exactly the same time, onto the same block of W. 50th Street. With energy running high, the crowding of all those teenagers onto one block produced a chaotic atmosphere that was perfect for escalating petty rivalries into full-scale confrontations—always noisy, sometimes violent and inevitably a major problem for those in the area.
O’Connor got in touch with administrators at both schools. The assistant principal of Park High helped O’Connor understand that "the problem is not only school rivalries, but ethnic and neighborhood rivalries. These schools draw students from different neighborhoods." O’Connor then met with the principals from both high schools, and persuaded them to stagger dismissal times and direct departing students in opposite directions. Since most of the students from Graphic Arts lived in Brooklyn, they would be dismissed at 2:30 p.m. and diverted to 49th Street, where they could catch the 8th Avenue trains back home. Students from Park High would be dismissed at 2:55 p.m., and since most lived in Washington Heights, they would be directed to the trains at 50th Street and Broadway.
This simple strategy—modifying the schools’ procedures—effectively discouraged the formation of disorderly groups at the end of the school day. O’Connor believes that the procedural changes reduced the after-school disorder problem by 70 percent.
Note: This account is excerpted with minor stylistic modifications from New York City Police Department (1993).
† There is a considerable body of literature on truancy and the police role in addressing it that you may want to consult if you use truancy enforcement as a response to disorderly youth problems.
†† See O’Brien and Joseph (1999) for a discussion of the pros and cons of juvenile curfews.
Trespass enforcement was one of a combination of responses St. Petersburg, Fla., police used to reduce problems caused by students’ gathering in a convenience store parking lot. Stricter truancy enforcement by school officials and the turning off of video games in the convenience store during school hours were the other key responses.52 Newport News, Va., police also used trespass enforcement to deal with disorderly youth at a shopping plaza, and encouraged judges to order convicted offenders to stay away from the plaza as a condition of a suspended sentence.53
Shopping malls are generally considered private rather than public places, giving mall owners and managers greater legal authority to deny access to the premises, but in many jurisdictions, they are considered quasi-public. You should consult with legal counsel in deciding how the police can properly support this response.†Police agencies should establish specific policy guidelines that cover police officers’ authority and responsibilities in helping mall authorities enforce the bans. You must take special care not to support arbitrary or discriminatory banning practices. Identities of banned youth should be provided to merchants and security staff.
† American courts recognize the quasi-public nature of shopping malls and have extended certain constitutional guarantees, especially those relating to free speech and assembly, to those visiting malls. The extent to which a mall is considered public or private depends in part on whether there are any public rightsof-way on the mall grounds. Malls with public transportation links, government offices or police substations on the premises are more likely to be deemed quasi-public, thereby limiting mall owners’ right to exclude certain people.
Home Office. (2002). A guide to anti-social behaviour orders and acceptable behaviour contracts. London. http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/asbos9.htm
Turner, S. (2002). Shopping for a solution-Full report: An evaluation of Western Sydney Shopping Center Youth Projects. NSW: Youth Action Policy Association. http://www.yapa.org.au/youth/publicspace/shopping.pdf
Urban Design Advisory Service. (1999). Urban design guidelines with young people in mind. http://www.lgsa.org.au
White, R. (1998). Public spaces for young people: A guide to creative projects and positive strategies. http://www.crimeprevention.gov.au/
Youth Action and Policy Association. Creating the space for dialogue: A guide to developing a local youth shopping centre protocol. http://www.yapa.org.au/youth/publicspace/shoppingprotocol.pdf
The table below summarizes the responses to disorderly youth in public places, the mechanism by which they are intended to work, the conditions under which they should work best, and some factors you should consider before implementing a particular response. It is critical that you tailor responses to local circumstances, and that you can justify each response based on reliable analysis. In most cases, an effective strategy will involve implementing several different responses. Law enforcement responses alone are seldom effective in reducing or solving the problem.
| Creating Alternative Legitimate Places and Activities for Youth | ||||
| # | Response | How It Works | Works Best If... | Considerations |
| 1 | Creating new places for youth to congregate, and providing alternative activities | Removes excuses for youth to hang out and be disorderly in public, for lack of anything else to do | …there are few or no alternative legitimate activities for youth in the area | Police can support creating alternative places and activities, but should be careful not to become solely responsible for running those places and activities |
| 2 | Providing outreach services to youth | Identifies more serious problems of some youth, such as substance abuse, child abuse, mental illness, etc. | …the young people causing the problems are suspected to have more serious individual problems and needs | Requires resource commitments from professionals outside of the police department |
| 3 | Employing youth at businesses negatively affected by disorderly behavior | Promotes a greater sense of responsibility among youth for maintaining order in those places | …there is viable employment in the area, and young people have skills that match employers' needs |
Business owners must be willing to employ youth |
| 4 | Ensuring youth have adequate transportation to and from events | Removes excuses for youth to be on the street before and after events | …existing transportation is inadequate | May require additional expenditures from public transportation companies |
| Modifying Public Places to Discourage Disorderly Behavior | ||||
| # | Response | How It Works | Works Best If... | Considerations |
| 5 | Encouraging youth to gather where they will not disturb others | Separates youth from likely complainants | …there are viable alternative places for youth to gather in the area | May require negotiation because police may not be able to force youth to move; may require place managers' or property owners' cooperation to allow youth to congregate |
| 6 | Avoiding locating businesses that attract youth where others will be intimidated by them | Separates youth from likely complainants | …there are alternative sites for the youth- oriented businesses | Requires the cooperation of people such as mall managers; youth oriented businesses may object to being moved away from the main flow of consumers |
| 7 | Reducing the comfort level, convenience or attraction of popular youth gathering places | Discourages youth from congregating in a particular place | …the changes are not unduly burdensome on legitimate users of the place | May require additional expenditures to redesign the place; may discourage legitimate uses of the place; may displace youth to a more problematic location |
| 8 | Installing and monitoring closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras | Increases the ability of police or private security to detect disorder and respond quickly; increases the likelihood that offenders can be identified later; discourages youth from engaging in disorderly behavior in view of the camera | …police or private security has the resources to monitor CCTV | Cameras must be protected from vandalism; monitoring is labor intensive; evaluations of CCTV show mixed effectiveness; some communities object to public CCTV on privacy grounds |
| Establishing and Enforcing Rules of Conduct for Youth | ||||
| # | Response | How It Works | Works Best If... | Considerations |
| 9 | Enlisting others to exercise informal social control over youth | Provides help from others in controlling youth | …youth value their relationship with those seeking to exercise informal social control over them | Police must be careful not to support draconian or abusive forms of punishment |
| 10 | Establishing clear rules of conduct, and educating youth about them | Clarifies what conduct is and is not acceptable; removes excuses for unacceptable behavior | …rules are simple, fair and clearly conveyed | Rules must not violate youths' constitutional rights; if youth perceive rules to be unfair, it may exacerbate tension and mistrust between youth and authorities, including police |
| 11 | Mediating conflicts between youth and complainants | Helps youth and complainants better understand one another's concerns and perspectives | …youth and complainants are willing to listen to one another, and conflicts are relatively minor | Requires mediation skills; may not be a valid response if offenses are serious |
| 12 | Denying youths' anonymity | Makes youth realize they can be held accountable for their actions | …the same individuals return to the problem location, and the same police or security officers handle the problem | Compulsory identification and photographing of offenders must comply with applicable laws and policies |
| 13 | Deploying police paraprofessionals to patrol public places where youth congregate | Increases the level of surveillance of public places; imposes supervision on youth that is not as threatening to them as police supervision might be | …paraprofessionals are authorized by local law to patrol in public and are properly trained to handle youth disorder | Neither the police nor the general public may support paraprofessionals |
| 14 | Enforcing truancy laws | Removes excuses for youth to be on the street during school hours | …there is a place where police can bring truants and quickly return to service, there are meaningful truancy interventions by schools, and likely complainants are educated about truancy laws and how to recognize and report truants | Requires support and resource commitments from school officials and other juvenile authorities |
| 15 | Enforcing curfew laws | Removes excuses for youth to be on the street at night, thereby reducing opportunities for them to offend and be victimized | …the general public supports curfew enforcement, and youth disorder occurs at night | Potential legal challenges to curfew laws and enforcement thereof; without public support, the police will appear heavy-handed and youth will be perceived as victims |
| 16 | Banning troublemakers from private property | Removes the worst offenders from places where they disturb others | …private security and police maintain accurate records of banned people's identities and the time periods for which those people are banned | Potential legal challenges to banning that may depend on whether the property is deemed private or quasi-public |
| Responses With Limited Effectiveness | ||||
| # | Response | How It Works | Works Best If... | Considerations |
| 17 | Increasing patrol by uniformed police officers | Labor-intensive and only temporarily effective | ||
| 18 | Strictly enforcing laws against youth | Labor-intensive as a long-term strategy; police risk losing public support by appearing heavy-handed | ||
[1] Skogan (1987); Beck and Willis (1995).
[2] Beck and Willis (1995).
[3] National Crime Prevention (1999); Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Parker (1993).
[4] National Crime Prevention (1999).
[5] Meehan (1992).
[6] National Crime Prevention (1999).
[7] White (1998).[Full Text]
[8] White and Sutton (1995).
[9] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Ball (1994).
[10] Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text].
[11] Poole (1991).
[12] New York City Police Department (1993); Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Cleveland Police (1998)[Full Text].
[13] Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text].
[14] Phillips and Cochrane (1988)[Full Text]; Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; White (1998)[Full Text]; Poole (1991).
[15] Phillips and Cochrane (1988)[Full Text]; White (1998)[Full Text]; Ball (1994).
[16] Eck and Spelman (1987).
[17] Parker (1993).
[18] Meehan(1992).
[19] Poole (1991).
[20] Poole (1991).
[21] Poole (1991).
[22] Lancashire Constabulary (1999)[Full Text].
[23] Chambers (1991) [
Full Text ].
[24] New York City Police Department (1993).
[25] Cooper and Kracher (1996)[Full Text].
[26] McKay (1997).[Full Text]
[27] New York City Police Department (1993).
[28] Brown (1997)[Full Text].
[29] Ditton and Short (1998) ; see also Ditton and Short (1999) [
Full Text ].
[30] Oc and Tiesdell (1997).
[31] Green Mazerolle, Kadleck and Roehl (1998).
[32] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Lancashire Police Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Cleveland Police (1998)[Full Text].
[33] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Lancashire Police Constabulary (1999)[Full Text].
[34] Meehan (1992).
[35] Phillips and Cochrane (1988)[Full Text]; see also Parker (1993).
[36] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Lancashire Police Constabulary (1999)[Full Text].
[37] Phillips and Cochrane (1988)[Full Text]; Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Cleveland Police (1998)[Full Text]; Ball (1994).
[38] New York City Police Department (1993).
[39] Poole (1991).
[40] Eck and Spelman (1987).
[41] Hofstra and Shapland (1997); Southgate, Bucke and Byron (1995)[Full Text]; Lancashire Police Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Jacobson and Saville (1999)[Full Text].
[42] Hofstra and Shapland (1997); Southgate, Bucke and Byron (1995)[Full Text]; Jacobson and Saville (1999)[Full Text].
[43] Southgate, Bucke and Byron (1995)[Full Text].
[44] Hofstra and Shapland (1997).
[45] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text].
[46] Poole (1991).
[47] Phillips and Cochrane (1988).[Full Text]
[48] Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text]; Lancashire Police Constabulary (1999)[Full Text]; Poole (1991); Books (1995)[Full Text].
[49] White (1998)[Full Text]; Bland and Read (2000)[Full Text].
[50] White (1998).[Full Text]
[51] White (1998).[Full Text]
[52] Books (1995) [Full Text].
[53] Eck and Spelman (1987).
[54] Meehan (1992).
[55] New York City Police Department (1993).
Ball, M. (1994). Public Nuisance Offences: An Integrated Approach. London: Home Office Police Research Group.
Beck, A., and A. Willis (1995). Crime and Security: Managing the Risk to Safe Shopping. Leicester, U.K.: Perpetuity Press.
Bland, N., and T. Read (2000). Policing Anti-Social Behaviour. London: Home Office Policing and Reducing Crime Unit.[Full Text]
Books, J. (1995). "Store No Longer a Hangout for Disorderly Teens." Problem-Solving Quarterly 8(3/4):7.[Full Text]
Brown, B. (1997). "CCTV in Three Town Centers in England." In R. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.). Guilderland, N.Y.: Harrow and Heston.[Full Text]
Chambers, T. (1991). "Eliminating Problems Through Environmental Design." Problem-Solving Quarterly 5(1):9. [Full Text]
Cleveland (U.K.) Police (1998). "Raby Rebels Youth Project." Submission for the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing.[Full Text]
Cooper, R., and R. Kracher (1996). "Remaking a Playground." Problem-Solving Quarterly 9(1/2):1-3.[Full Text]
Ditton, J., and E. Short (1999). "Yes, It Works, No, It Doesn't: Comparing the Effects of Open-Street CCTV in Two Adjacent Scottish Town Centres." In K. Painter and N. Tilley (eds.), Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 10. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.[Full Text]
---- (1998). "Evaluating Scotland's First Town Centre CCTV Scheme." In C. Norris, J. Moran and G. Armstrong (eds.), Surveillance, Closed-Circuit Television and Social Control. Hants, U.K.: Ashgate.
Eck, J., and W. Spelman (1987). Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.
Green Mazerolle, L., C. Kadleck and J. Roehl (1998). "Controlling Drug and Disorder Problems: The Role of Place Managers." Criminology 36(2):371-403.
Hofstra, B., and J. Shapland (1997). "Who Is in Control?" Policing and Society 6(4):265-281.
Jacobson, J., and E. Saville (1999). Neighbourhood Warden Schemes: An Overview. Crime Reduction Research Series. London: Home Office.[Full Text]
Kenney, D., and T. Watson (1998). "Reducing Fear in the Schools: Managing Conflict With Student ProblemSolving." In T. O'Connor Shelley and A. Grant (eds.), Problem-Oriented Policing: Crime-Specifac Problems, Critical Issues and Making POP Work. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.
Lancashire (U.K.) Constabulary (1999). "The M.A.N.E.R.S. Project: The Multiagency Nuisance Eradication Scheme." Submission for the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing.[Full Text]
McKay, T. (1997). "Environmental Changes Bring Order to School Campus." Problem-Solving Quarterly 10(1):1, 8-9. [Full Text]
Meehan, A. (1992). "'I Don't Prevent Crime, I Prevent Calls': Policing as a Negotiated Order." Symbolic Interaction 15(4):455-480.
National Crime Prevention (1999). Hanging Out: Negotiating Young People's Use of Public Space. Canberra, Australia: National Crime Prevention, Attorney-General's Department.
New York City Police Department (1993). Disorderly Groups. Problem-Solving Annual for Community Police Officers and Supervisors. New York: New York City Police Department.
O'Brien, L., and P. Joseph (1999). "Are Juvenile Curfews a Legal and Effective Way To Reduce Juvenile Crime?" In J. Sewell (ed.), Controversial Issues in Policing. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Oc, T., and S. Tiesdell (eds.) (1997). Safer City Centres: Reviving the Public Realm. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Painter, K., and N. Tilley (eds.) (1999). Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 10. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.[Full Text]
Parker, P. (1993). "Mediation With the Congregation: Property Owners Praise POP Efforts Aimed at Youth Gatherings." Police (March):26-27.
Phillips, S., and R. Cochrane (1988). Crime and Nuisance in the Shopping Centre: A Case Study in Crime Prevention. London: Home Office Crime Prevention Unit.[Full Text]
Poole, R. (1991). Safer Shopping: The Identification of Opportunities for Crime and Disorder in Covered Shopping Centres. London: Home Office Police Requirements Support Unit.
Sheard, M. (1998). "The Elite Arcade: Taming a Crime Generator." Problem-Solving Quarterly 11(2):1-4.[Full Text]
Skogan, W. (1987). Disorder and Community Decline. Evanston, Ill.: Center for Urban Affairs and Police Research, Northwestern University.
Southgate, P., T. Bucke and C. Byron (1995). The Parish Special Constables Scheme. London: Home Office Research and Statistics Department.[Full Text]
White, R. (1998). "Curtailing Youth: A Critique of Coercive Crime Prevention." In L. Green Mazerolle and J. Roehl (eds.), Civil Remedies and Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 9. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.[Full Text]
White, R., and A. Sutton (1995). "Crime Prevention, Urban Space and Social Exclusion." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 31(1):81-99.
Important!
The quality and focus of these submissions vary considerably. With the exception of those submissions selected as winners or finalists, these documents are unedited and are reproduced in the condition in which they were submitted. They may nevertheless contain useful information or may report innovative projects.
Acacia Park Police Service Center, Colorado Springs Police Department (CO, US), 2003
Antisocial Behaviour at Harry Road Park, South Yorkshire Police (South Yorkshire, UK), 2009
Antisocial Behaviour System (ABS) 'Traffic Light System,' Wiltshire Police (Devizes, UK), 2008
Anti-Social Behaviour on Cleveland Estate, Metropolitan Police Service (London, UK), 2007
Clare Street Anti-Social Behaviour Initiative, Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2009
Community Policing: Success in Lowell, Lowell Police Department (MA, US), 1998
Haggard Park Project, Plano Police Department (TX, US), 2006
Hangin' With 5'0 Project, Miramar Police Department (FL, US), 2003
MOPPIN Up Dodge [Goldstein Award Finalist/Tilley Award Winner], Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2008
Newham Focus Building, Metropolitan Police Service (London, UK), 2011
Operation Brilliant, South Yorkshire Police (South Yorkshire, UK), 2009
Orpington College, Metropolitan Police Service (London, UK), 2011
Park Life Merton, Safer Merton (Merton, UK), 2008
Park View 4 U, Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2009
Project Moonshine (Valley Park PRIME Project), Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2004
Raby Rebels Youth Project, Cleveland Police Department (Middlesbrough, UK), 1998
Reclaiming the Corner of Chaos [Goldstein Award Finalist], Dayton Police Department (OH, US), 2010
Sharrow Kickz, South Yorkshire Police (South Yorkshire, UK), 2010
Skate Park Project, Healdsburg Police Department (CA, US), 2003
Streetwise Soccer, Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2005
Surrey Street Standards [Goldstein Award Finalist], Surrey Police (UK), 2003
Tackling Youth Crime & Anti-Social Behaviour on London's Buses [Goldstein Award Finalist], Transport for London (London, UK), 2008
The Burnley Youth Bus, Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 2008
The Elite Arcade: Taming a Crime Generator [Goldstein Award Finalist], Delta Police Department (BC, CA), 1997
The M.A.N.E.R.S. Project, Lancashire Constabulary (Lancashire, UK), 1999
The Urban High School Disorder Reduction Project [Goldstein Award Finalist], Dayton Police Department (OH, US), 2011
Tonna Anti-social Behaviour, South Wales Police (South Wales, UK), 2008
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