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Endnotes

  1. Cosgrove and Grant (1997).
  2. Burke (2000).
  3. Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Kozlowski (1999); Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ];
    Skogan (1990).
  4. Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Ellickson (1996); Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ];
    Fontana Police Department (1998).[Full Text ]
  5. Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  6. Burke (1998); Goldstein (1993); Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Lankenau (1999); St. Petersburg Police
    Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  7. Goldstein (1993); Vancouver Police Department (1999).[Full Text ]
  8. See Ammann (2000)[Full Text ]; Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Burns (1992)[Full Text ]; Hershkoff position in Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Lankenau (1999); Munzer (1997); Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
  9. Munzer (1997).
  10. See Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996); Burke (2000); Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ]; Conner
    position in Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Criminal Justice Legal Foundation (1994).[Full Text ]
  11. Wilson (1991).
  12. Ellickson (1996).
  13. Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996).
  14. Kelling and Coles (1996).
  15. Burke (2000); Lankenau (1999).
  16. Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Kelling (1999)[Full Text ].
  17. Goldstein (1993).
  18. Ellickson (1996); Goldstein (1993); University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of
    Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Alexandria Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce, Fla., case study)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  19. Burke (1998); Stark (1992); Lankenau (1999); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston
    Police Department (1995, n.d.)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Santa Ana Police Department (1993);[Full Text ]
    Chicago Tribune (1994); Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  20. Burke (1998).
  21. Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston Police
    Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
  22. Goldstein (1993); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Luckenbach
    and Acosta (1993).
  23. Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); New York City Police Department
    (1994); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Chicago Tribune (1994); Evanston Police
    Department (n.d.); Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  24. Goldstein (1993); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; University of Wisconsin-
    Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
  25. Ellickson (1996); Stark (1992); Goldstein (1993).
  26. Ellickson (1996); Teir (1998)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ];
    Chicago Tribune (1994); Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  27. Stark (1992).
  28. Burke (1998); Lankenau (1999).
  29. Stark (1992).
  30. Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
  31. Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
  32. Goldstein (1993); Ellickson (1996).
  33. Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993).
  34. Ellickson (1996); Kelling and Coles (1996); Butterfield (1988).
  35. Burns (1992).[Full Text ]
  36. Stark (1992).
  37. Wilson (1991).
  38. Stark (1992).
  39. Stark (1992); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997).[Full Text ]
  40. Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Stark (1992); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Duneier
    (1999).
  41. Ellickson (1996); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; University of Wisconsin-Madison
    Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
  42. Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ].
  43. Stark (1992); Seattle Police Department (2000); Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce
    case study).[Full Text ]
  44. Goldstein (1993).
  45. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
  46. Goldstein (1993).
  47. Goldstein (1993); Burke (1998); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston Police
    Department (n.d.); Ellickson (1996); Stark (1992); Duneier (1999).
  48. Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993);
    Manning (2000)[Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
  49. Burns (1992).[Full Text ]
  50. Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
  51. Burke (1998); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993).
  52. Stark (1992); Goldstein (1993).
  53. Burke (1998); Ellickson (1996).
  54. Burke (1998).
  55. Ellickson (1996).
  56. Stark (1992).
  57. Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Teir (1993).[Full Text ]
  58. Ellickson (1996).
  59. Goldstein (1993); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
  60. Ellickson (1996); Goldstein (1993).
  61. Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Center for the Community Interest (1996)[Full Text ]; Criminal Justice Legal Foundation (1994).[Full Text ]
  62. Kelling and Coles (1996); Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Ellickson (1996); Delmonico (1996)[Full Text ]; Kozlowski (1999); Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Mitchell (1994); Nichols (1997)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ]; Walston (1999); Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Munzer (1997).
  63. Leoussis (1995).[Full Text ]
  64. Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996).
  65. Goldstein (1993).
  66. Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Little (1992).
  67. Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Goldstein (1993).
  68. New York City Police Department (1994); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993).
  69. Ammann (2000).[Full Text ]
  70. St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Savannah Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
  71. Bland and Read (2000).[Full Text ]
  72. Kelling and Coles (1996); Kelling (1999)[Full Text ].
  73. Savannah Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
  74. Kelling and Coles (1996) (discussing Seattle's response to panhandling); Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
  75. Ellickson (1996); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
  76. Goldstein (1993).
  77. Burke (2000); Delmonico (1996)[Full Text ].
  78. Kelling and Coles (1996).
  79. Kelling and Coles (1996); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998)[Full Text ]; Kozlowski (1999) (citing a Fort Lauderdale law).
  80. Ellickson (1996); see Munzer (1997) for a critique of Ellickson's zoning proposal.
  81. Kelling and Coles (1996) (citing a Seattle law).
  82. Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; New York City Police Department (1994).
  83. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
  84. Teir (1993).[Full Text ]
  85. Ellickson (1996).
  86. Ammann (2000)[Full Text ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
  87. Heimberger (1992).[Full Text ]
  88. Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Ybarra (1996); Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
  89. Ellickson (1996).
  90. Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  91. Ellickson (1996); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987); Manning (2000)[Full Text ]; Cosgrove and Grant (1997).
  92. Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
  93. Ellickson (1996).
  94. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study).[Full Text ]
  95. Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
  96. Kelling and Coles (1996).
  97. Nkrumah (1998); Egan (1993).
  98. Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
  99. Goldstein (1993).
  100. Egan (1993).
  101. Burns (1992)[Full Text ]; Green Bay Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study)[Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996)[Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
  102. Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
  103. Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce and San Diego case studies)[Full Text ]; Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Kelling and Coles (1996) (discussion of San Francisco's Operation Matrix).
  104. Seattle Police Department (2000); Alexandria Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Green Bay Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project).
  105. Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
  106. Vancouver Police Department (1999).
  107. Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  108. Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
  109. Stark (1992).
  110. Bittner (1967); Kelling and Coles (1994); Burke (1998); Goldstein (1993); Little (1992); Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study)[Full Text ]; Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000)[Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
  111. Fontana Police Department (1998).[Full Text ]
  112. Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
  113. Goldstein (1993).
  114. Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  115. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
  116. Manning (2000)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Stark (1992); Kelling and Coles (1994); Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ].
  117. Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ].
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