Endnotes
[1] Cosgrove and Grant (1997).
[2] Burke (2000).
[3] Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Kozlowski (1999); Leoussis (1995)[
Full Text ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ];
Skogan (1990).
[4] Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Ellickson (1996); Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ];
Fontana Police Department (1998).[Full Text ]
[5] Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
[6] Burke (1998); Goldstein (1993); Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Lankenau (1999); St. Petersburg Police
Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
[7] Goldstein (1993); Vancouver Police Department (1999).[Full Text ]
[8] See Ammann (2000)[Full Text ]; Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Burns (1992)[Full Text ]; Hershkoff position in Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Lankenau (1999); Munzer (1997); Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
[9] Munzer (1997).
[10] See Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996); Burke (2000); Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ]; Conner
position in Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Criminal Justice Legal Foundation (1994).[
Full Text ]
[11] Wilson (1991).
[12] Ellickson (1996).
[13] Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996).
[14] Kelling and Coles (1996).
[15] Burke (2000); Lankenau (1999).
[16] Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Kelling (1999)[Full Text ].
[17] Goldstein (1993).
[18] Ellickson (1996); Goldstein (1993); University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of
Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Alexandria Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce, Fla., case study) [Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[19] Burke (1998); Stark (1992); Lankenau (1999); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston
Police Department (1995, n.d.)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Santa Ana Police Department (1993);[Full Text ]
Chicago Tribune (1994); Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[20] Burke (1998).
[21] Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston Police
Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
[22] Goldstein (1993); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Luckenbach
and Acosta (1993).
[23] Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); New York City Police Department
(1994); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Chicago Tribune (1994); Evanston Police
Department (n.d.); Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[24] Goldstein (1993); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; University of Wisconsin-
Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
[25] Ellickson (1996); Stark (1992); Goldstein (1993).
[26] Ellickson (1996); Teir (1998)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ];
Chicago Tribune (1994); Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[27] Stark (1992).
[28] Burke (1998); Lankenau (1999).
[29] Stark (1992).
[30] Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
[31] Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
[32] Goldstein (1993); Ellickson (1996).
[33] Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993).
[34] Ellickson (1996); Kelling and Coles (1996); Butterfield (1988).
[35] Burns (1992).[Full Text ]
[36] Stark (1992).
[37] Wilson (1991).
[38] Stark (1992).
[39] Stark (1992); St. Petersburg Police Department (1997).[Full Text ]
[40] Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Stark (1992); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Duneier
(1999).
[41] Ellickson (1996); Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; University of Wisconsin-Madison
Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
[42] Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ].
[43] Stark (1992); Seattle Police Department (2000); Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce
case study). [Full Text ]
[44] Goldstein (1993).
[45] University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
[46] Goldstein (1993).
[47] Goldstein (1993); Burke (1998); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Evanston Police
Department (n.d.); Ellickson (1996); Stark (1992); Duneier (1999).
[48] Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993);
Manning (2000) [Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
[49] Burns (1992).[Full Text ]
[50] Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
[51] Burke (1998); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993).
[52] Stark (1992); Goldstein (1993).
[53] Burke (1998); Ellickson (1996).
[54] Burke (1998).
[55] Ellickson (1996).
[56] Stark (1992).
[57] Kelling and Coles (1996, 1994); Teir (1993).[Full Text ]
[58] Ellickson (1996).
[59] Goldstein (1993); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
[60] Ellickson (1996); Goldstein (1993).
[61] Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Center for the Community Interest (1996)[Full Text ]; Criminal Justice Legal Foundation (1994).[Full Text ]
[62] Kelling and Coles (1996); Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Ellickson (1996); Delmonico (1996)[Full Text ]; Kozlowski (1999); Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Mitchell (1994); Nichols (1997)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ]; Walston (1999); Hershkoff and Conner (1993)[Full Text ]; Munzer (1997).
[63] Leoussis (1995).[Full Text ]
[64] Kelling and Coles (1996); Ellickson (1996).
[65] Goldstein (1993).
[66] Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Little (1992).
[67] Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Goldstein (1993).
[68] New York City Police Department (1994); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Burke (1998); Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Teir (1993)[Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993).
[69] Ammann (2000).[Full Text ]
[70] St. Petersburg Police Department (1997)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Savannah Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
[71] Bland and Read (2000).[Full Text ]
[72] Kelling and Coles (1996); Kelling (1999)[Full Text ].
[73] Savannah Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
[74] Kelling and Coles (1996) (discussing Seattle's response to panhandling); Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
[75] Ellickson (1996); Lankenau (1999); Goldstein (1993).
[76] Goldstein (1993).
[77] Burke (2000); Delmonico (1996)[Full Text ].
[78] Kelling and Coles (1996).
[79] Kelling and Coles (1996); Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998)[Full Text ]; Kozlowski (1999) (citing a Fort Lauderdale law).
[80] Ellickson (1996); see Munzer (1997) for a critique of Ellickson's zoning proposal.
[81] Kelling and Coles (1996) (citing a Seattle law).
[82] Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; New York City Police Department (1994).
[83] University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997).[Full Text ]
[84] Teir (1993).[Full Text ]
[85] Ellickson (1996).
[86] Ammann (2000)[Full Text ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
[87] Heimberger (1992).[Full Text ]
[88] Cosgrove and Grant (1997); Ellickson (1996); Mabry (1994)[Full Text ]; Ybarra (1996); Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
[89] Ellickson (1996).
[90] Manning (2000)[Full Text ].
[91] Ellickson (1996); Luckenbach and Acosta (1993); Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987); Manning (2000) [Full Text ]; Cosgrove and Grant (1997).
[92] Barta (1999)[Abstract only ]; Harcourt (1998)[Full Text ].
[93] Ellickson (1996).
[94] University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study). [Full Text ]
[95] Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
[96] Kelling and Coles (1996).
[97] Nkrumah (1998); Egan (1993).
[98] Evanston Police Department (1995).[Full Text ]
[99] Goldstein (1993).
[100] Egan (1993).
[101] Burns (1992)[Full Text ]; Green Bay Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Vancouver Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study)[Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996) [Full Text ]; Duneier (1999).
[102] Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
[103] Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce and San Diego case studies)[Full Text ]; Santa Ana Police Department (1993)[Full Text ]; Kelling and Coles (1996) (discussion of San Francisco's Operation Matrix).
[104] Seattle Police Department (2000); Alexandria Police Department (1995)[Full Text ]; Green Bay Police Department (1999)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project).
[105] Santa Ana Police Department (1993).[Full Text ]
[106] Vancouver Police Department (1999).
[107] Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[108] Felson et al. (1996).[Full Text ]
[109] Stark (1992).
[110] Bittner (1967); Kelling and Coles (1994); Burke (1998); Goldstein (1993); Little (1992); Sampson and Scott (2000) (Fort Pierce case study)[Full Text ]; Fontana Police Department (1998)[Full Text ]; Higdon and Huber (1987) (Dundalk project); Manning (2000) [Full Text ]; Felson et al. (1996). [Full Text ]
[111] Fontana Police Department (1998).[Full Text ]
[112] Felson et al. (1996). [Full Text ]
[113] Goldstein (1993).
[114] Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[115] University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Police and Security (1997)[Full Text ]; Manning (2000) [Full Text ].
[116] Manning (2000) [Full Text ]; Goldstein (1993); Stark (1992); Kelling and Coles (1994); Evanston Police Department (1995)[Full Text ].
[117] Leoussis (1995)[Full Text ]; Teir (1998, 1993)[Full Text ][Full Text ].