Endnotes
[1] Police and other agencies and organizations prevented a Cinco de Mayo riot in 2004.
[2] Police arrested 519 people over the Halloween weekend in 2004 (source: Wisconsin News Channel 3000 story aired Nov. 18, 2004: "How Much Did Halloween Riots Cost This Year?").
[3]
The Ohio State University (2003).[
Full
Text ]
[4]
Winegar (2001).[Full
Text ]
[5] University of Cincinnati Cinco de Mayo disturbances, for example.
[6] See Waddington, Jones, and Critcher’s (1989) list of basic propositions to understanding crowds.
[7] McPhail (1991).
[8] McPhail (1991); Schweingruber (2000).
[9]
Michigan State University (2002).[Full
Text ]
[10]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[11]
Fisher, Eck, and Madensen (2004). [Full
Text ] [Follow-up
Report ]
[12]
McPhail and Wohlstein (1983).[Full
Text ]
[13] Waddington, Jones, and Critcher (1989).
[14]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[15] For a more detailed explanation of crowd surges, see McPhail and Wohlstein (1986).
[16] Waddington, Jones, and Critcher (1989).
[17]
National Institutes of Health (2002).[Full
Text ]
[18]
Epstein and Finn (1997) (citing Bausell, Bausell, and Siegel 1991). [Full
Text ]
[19]
Epstein and Finn (1997) (citing Engs and Hanson 1994).[Full
Text ]
[20]
Sullenberger (n.d.).[Goldstein
Submission ]
[21]
Epstein and Finn (1997).[Full
Text ]
[22]
Johnson (2004). [
Full Text ]
[23] Waddington, Jones, and Critcher (1989).
[24] Stott and Reicher (1998).
[25]
Clarke and Weisburd (1994).[Full
Text ]
[26]
Walsh (2003).[Full
Text ]
[27] Nichols (1997).
[28]
Shanahan (1995). [Full
Text ]
[29]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[30]
Kurz (2001).[Full
Text ]
[31]
Kurz (2001).[Full
Text ]
[32]
Walski (2002).[Full
Text ]
[33]
Kurz (2001).[Full
Text ]
[34]
U.S. Department of Education (2002).[Full
Text ]
[35]
Epstein and Finn (1997).[Full
Text ]
[36]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[37] Casady and Major (n.d.).
[38] Casady and Major (n.d.).
[39]
Walski (2002).[Full
Text ]
[40]
Kurz (2001). [Full
Text ]
[41]
Sullenberger (n.d.).[Goldstein
Submission ]
[42]
Sullenberger (n.d.).[Goldstein
Submission ]
[43]
Walski (2002). [Full
Text ]
[44] Wechsler et al. (2002).
[45] Weitzman et al. (2003).
[46]
Walski (2002).[Full
Text ]
[47]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[48]
U.S. Department of Education (2002).[Full
Text ]
[49]
U.S. Department of Education (2002).[Full
Text ]
[50]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[51]
Epstein and Finn (1997).[Full
Text ]
[52]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[53] Begert (1995).
[54]
Kurz (2001).[Full
Text ]
[55]
Walski (2002).[Full
Text ]
[56] Bjor, Knutsson, and Kuhlhorn (1992).
[57]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[58]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[59]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[60]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[61] IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Center (1992).
[62]
Winegar (2001).[Full
Text ]
[63] Bjor, Knutsson, and Kuhlhorn (1992).
[64]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[65]
Goetz (2002).[Full
Text ]
[66]
Oldham (2002). [Full
Text ]
[67] Casady and Major (n.d.).
[68]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[69]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[70]
Winegar (2001)[Full
Text ]; Sampson and Scott (2000).[Full
Text ]
[71]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[72]
Walsh (2003).[Full
Text ]
[73]
Winegar (2001).[Full
Text ]
[74]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[75]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[76]
Winegar (2001).[Full
Text ]
[77]
Sampson and Scott (2000). [Full Text ]
[78]
Oldham (2002).[Full
Text ]
[79]
Harman (1995).[Full
Text ]
[80]
U.S. Department of Education (2002).[Full
Text ]